Peptic ulcers are sores that develop in the lining of the stomach, lower esophagus, or small intestine. They’re usually formed as a result of inflammation caused by the bacteria H. pylori, as well as from erosion due to stomach acids.
Treatment depends on the cause of the ulcer. Peptic ulcers caused by the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacterial infection is treated with a course of antibiotics. The antibiotics most commonly used are amoxicillin, clarithromycin and metronidazole.
A Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) is sometimes prescribed together with antibiotics. PPIs work by reducing the amount of acid your stomach produces, preventing further damage to the ulcer as it heals naturally. They are usually prescribed for 4 to 8 weeks.
H2-receptor antagonists are acid blockers that reduce stomach acid and relieve ulcer pain. Ranitidine is the most widely used H2-receptor antagonist for treating stomach ulcers.
Antacid medication helps to neutralise your stomach acid and provide immediate, but short-term, symptom relief. Antacids are best taken after meals and may contain a medicine called an alginate, which produces a protective coating on the lining of your stomach.
Lifestyle adjustments are also important for recovery. Patients are advised to avoid NSAIDs if these drugs caused the ulcer and to seek alternative forms of pain relief. Limiting alcohol, quitting smoking, and managing stress can support healing and reduce the risk of recurrence. Eating a balanced diet and avoiding foods that trigger discomfort, such as spicy or fatty meals, may also be helpful.
In rare cases, surgery may be required if the ulcer leads to serious complications like severe bleeding, perforation, or obstruction, or if it does not respond to medical treatment. However, with modern therapies, most peptic ulcers can be successfully treated with medications and lifestyle changes, and patients often experience complete healing.
