眼科

年龄相关性黄斑变性 (AMD) 是一种眼部疾病，视网膜中央部分或黄斑因长期磨损而退化。这是一种不可治愈的疾病，会导致中心视力丧失，需要长期治疗和管理来帮助维持生活质量。

A cataract is a condition when the lens in the eye is clouded, resulting in blurry vision or loss of vision. The clouding is caused by changes to the lens in the eye which prevent transmission of light. As the cataract develops, the clouding becomes denser and blocks the light that passes through the lens. Your vision becomes blurred as a result.

An eye infection occurs when bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses infect the eye. A common eye infection is conjunctivitis, which is the inflammation of the conjunctiva or the membrane of the inner eyelid. It affects the white parts of the eye and the inner part of the eyelid. It is very contagious and is caused by the adenovirus. Another common eye infection is the stye, an infection that occurs when bacteria from the skin irritates the hair follicle of the eyelash, causing swelling and pain in the affected area. Eye infections can also be caused by injuries to the eye such as corneal scratches and from irritation due to chemicals in items such as makeup products.

Retinal detachment is a medical emergency that causes loss of vision. The loss can be partial or total and occurs when the retina separates from the back of the eye. Permanent vision loss may occur if the retinal detachment is left untreated or if treatment is delayed.

Glaucoma is a progressive eye condition where there is irreversible damage to the optic nerve. The optic nerve is located in the back of the eye and is also known as the cranial nerve. It's role is to transfer visual information from the retina to the brain.

Floaters and flashes are a sign of eye disease and related to the vitreous membrane that affects the retina. Floaters are threads or cobweb-like images in the visual field and are clusters of cells that are floating inside of the eye. Flashes are bursts of light that often accompany floaters and are signal an irritation of the retina from tugging, tearing, inflammation or infection.

Diabetic retinopathy is an eye disease caused by diabetes and affects the retina, which is the nerve layer that lines the back of the eye. The retina is responsible for sending visual images to the brain. Diabetic retinopathy can lead to blurry vision, which progresses to blindness when left untreated. It can also lead to swelling which makes vision even worse for diabetic sufferers.

Dry eye is a condition where the supply of tears is not enough to keep the eyes adequately lubricated. Eye lubrication is essential for good vision and comfort and maintain a person’s comfort and good inadequate lubrication can lead to several uncomfortable symptoms.

Eye cancer starts in the eye and can spread to other parts of the body. The most common eye cancer is melanoma, but there are other types of cancer that can affect different kinds of cells in the eye.

眼科检查是评估眼睛健康和功能的一系列检查。这些检查包括阅读标准眼图，以及使用机器检查眼睛内部结构的更详细检查。定期眼科检查对确保眼睛的健康和整体健康非常重要，还有助于发现常见和慢性眼病，确定眼病的早期征兆，从而帮助评估治疗方法。

泪液分泌试验是一种无创检查，可确定一个人的眼睛是否能分泌足够的泪液来保持眼睛湿润和健康。

眼压测试可估计眼内压力，即所谓的眼压 (IOP)，以检查是否患有青光眼。这种疾病是由于正常情况下沐浴和滋养眼睛的液体缓慢排出，导致眼压升高。如果不及时治疗，压力可能会损害视神经，导致失明。

干眼症是指泪液供应不足以使眼睛充分润滑的一种疾病。眼部润滑对良好的视力和舒适度至关重要，润滑不足会导致多种不适症状。

睑缘炎是眼睑发炎的一种眼睑感染，可能由头皮屑、过敏或感染引起。它会导致眼睑发痒和眼睑干燥，并且可能是一种需要日常关注的慢性疾病。对于更严重的病例，可能会开具抗生素和类固醇等药物。